INTRODUCTION:

Typhoid fever, also called enteric fever, is caused by salmonella bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in places where few people carry the bacteria. It also is rare where water is treated to kill germs and where human waste disposal is managed. One example of where typhoid fever is rare is the United States. Places with the highest number of cases or with regular outbreaks are in Africa and South Asia. It is a serious health threat, especially for children, in places where it is more common¹.

Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi). It infects your small intestines (gut) and causes high fever, stomach pain and other symptoms. Typhoid fever is also called enteric feverTyphoid fever is most common in rural areas of developing countries where there isn’t modern sanitation. Countries in South and Southeast Asia, Central and South America, Africa and the Caribbean are most affected by typhoid. Travelers are most at risk when visiting Pakistan, India or Bangladesh.Children are more likely to get typhoid than adultsIt’s estimated that 11 million to 21 million people around the world get typhoid each year. It’s rare in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Western Europe and Australia².

A study was conducted nature to assess the effectiveness of the planned teaching programme. The research approach for the study was a true experimental design. The investigator had utilised probability sampling in which simple random technique had been used for the selection of the subjects. A sample of 100 mothers of school-age children were selected for the study by a lottery method and through randomization among the 100 mothers, 50 mothers were selected for the experimental while 50 mothers were selected for the control group. The instrument used for the study was structured knowledge questionnaire. Results: The results showed that Pre-Test findings were 34.6% and 33.4% in experimental and control group respectively. While post-test score was 80.9% and 35.3% in experimental and control group respectively. Hence the post-test Mean knowledge score of the experimental group was significantly higher than the post-test knowledge score of control group. The paired student‘t’ test value was 53.52 which is highly significant and p=0.001 level.³

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

· To assess the level of knowledge regarding management of typhoid fever among home makers before and after video assisted teaching.

· To find out the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on knowledgeregarding management of typhoid fever among home makers.

· To determine the association between level of knowledge with selected demographic variables.

HYPOTHESIS:

· H1- The mean post-test knowledge score of home makerswill be significantly higher than mean pre-test knowledge

· H2- There will be significant association between knowledge of home makerswith selected demographic variables.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Research Approach: A Pre-experimental approach.

Research Design: One group pre-test – post-test design.

Population: Home makers

Settings: Selected community areas, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir.

Sampling Technique: Convenient sampling technique.

Sample size: 60 home makers.

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE:

I) Demographic Performa were used to collect socio demographic data such as age, religion, educational status, educational status of the spouse, occupation of spouse, sources of information andtype of family.

II) Structured Knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge regarding management of home accidents which consisted of 30 items divided in to five areas (Introduction and definition, symptoms and causes, diagnosis and tests, management and treatment and prevention).

III) Video Assisted Teaching (VAT) was administered for a duration of 45 minutes for 60 samples in (homemakers). Lecture cum discussion was used as a teaching methodology along with a variety of AV aids including LCD/Power Point presentation, flash cards and video assisted modules.

Method of Data collection:

Data was collected for a period of one month [20^thJanuary 2017 to 20^thFebruary 2017]. After explaining the purpose and obtaining an informed consent, the pre-test is administered followed by a planned teaching programme. After a period of 07 days a post test is carried.

Inclusion criteria:

Home makerswho were willing to participate in study.

Home makers who were available at the time of data collection.

Exclusion criteria:

Home makers who were not willing to participate in study.

Home makers who were not eligible during the period of data collection.

Statistical analysis:

Both Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to analyse the data [using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL)]. Descriptive statistics such as Frequency distribution and percentage were used to describe the socio demographic data and inferential statistics such as Student’s t test was used to find out the effectiveness of VAT, paired t-test was used to determine the difference between mean knowledge scores before and after the intervention. Chi-square was performed to find out the association between the knowledge and selected demographic variables. The level P<0.05 was considered as the minimum accepted level of significance.

RESULTS:

Table 01: Frequency distribution, Percentage and Chi-square values of sample characteristics. (N=60)

Demographic Variables	Frequency Percentage
Age (In years)
21-25 yrs	11	18.3
26-30 yrs.	19	31.7
31-35 yrs	13	21.7
36-40 Yrs	15	25.0
>40 yrs.	2	3.3
Religion
Hindu	17	28.3
Christian	26	43.3
Muslim	17	28.3
Educational status
Illiterate	11	18.3
Primary Education	19	31.7
High School	13	21.7
Higher Secondary	12	20.0
Graduation and above	5	8.3
Educational status of spouse
Illiterate	0	0
Primary Education	20	33.3
High School	25	41.7
Higher Secondary	11	18.3
Graduation and above	4	6.7
Occupation of the spouse
Self employed	31	51.7
Govt employee	4	6.7
Private employee	19	31.7
Unemployed	5	8.3
Any other	1	1.7
Source of information
Family and friends	2	3.3
Magazine and Newspaper	44	73.3
Mass media	10	16.7
Others	4	6.7
Type of family
Nuclear family	23	38.3
Joint family	37	61.7

Table 02: Frequency distribution and percentage of pre-test and post-test knowledge level regarding management of typhoid fever among home makers.

Levels		Pre-test		Post-test
Levels		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
Knowledge	Inadequate	21	35	00	00
	Moderate	39	65	06	10
	Adequate	00	00	54	90
	Total	60	100	60	100

Figure 01: Bar Diagram showing frequency distribution and percentage of pre-test and post-test knowledge level regarding management of typhoid fever among home makers.

Table 03: Mean, Standard deviation and ‘t’ value of knowledge level among home makers before and after VAT.(N=60)

Stage

Mean

Difference

T value

Pre-test

12.20

3.704

13.37

30.28*

1.68

Post-test

25.57

3.202

** Significant at 0.05 level

Table 03 shows that mean knowledge score before the video assisted teaching was 12.20±3.704 and after the intervention, the mean knowledge score increased to 25.57±3.202. Increase in knowledge score after video assisted teachingwas statistically significant (p<0.05). Change in knowledge score at post-test was statistically significant. Hence research hypothesis (H1) was accepted

Figure 02: 3D Cone diagram comparing the area wise mean percentage of the pre-test and post-test knowledge scores.

Table 05: Association between knowledge level amonghome makers and selected demographic variables. (N=60)

Demographic Variable	Total score ≤Median (12) ≥ Median (12)		χ²Level of significance
Age (In years)
21-25 yrs.	19	11
26-35 yrs	6	7	6.97	S*
>35 yrs	4	13
Educational status Illiterate and Primary Education High School and Higher Secondary Graduation and above	19 6 4	11 7 13	6.97	S*

*Significant at 0.05 level.

The above table depicts that the calculated χ²value for age and educational status was significantly higher than the table value (p<0.05 level). So, there is association between age and educational status and knowledge regarding management of typhoid fever among home makers. Hence the research hypothesis H₂ was accepted. The score changes also reflect the effectiveness of the intervention.

DISCUSSION:

The findings in the present study revealed that the mean pre-test knowledge score regarding management of typhoid fever among home makers was 12.20±3.704 and the mean post test score was 25.57±3.202. The paired t value [30.28*, degrees of freedom=59] computed by comparison ofpre and post knowledge score was significant at P<0.05 level. Hence, there is a significant difference in the mean knowledge scores of home makersbefore and after VAT which is significant in enhancing the knowledge regarding management of typhoid fever among home makers. The calculated’ value (t 59= 50.06) is greater than the table value (t 59= 1.68) at 0.05 level of significance shows that there is significantdifference between the pre-test and post- test knowledge score. Therefore, it is interpreted that thevideo assisted teaching is significant in improving the knowledge [P< 0.05 level].

This result is supported by various studies. A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding enteric fever in children among mothers in a Selected Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. The objectives are to: to assess the level of knowledge among mothers regarding enteric fever in children, to find out the relationship of knowledge regarding enteric fever with selected variables like age, religion, education, occupation, income, type of family, type of residence, source of information, to find out the deficit areas of knowledge and to prepare an information booklet to enhance awareness among mothers regarding enteric fever. Conceptual Framework for the study was based on a “Three Phase Theory” described by Fitts and Posner (1967). A descriptive research approach and non-experimental research design was used. Data was collected by self-structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding enteric fever in children among mothers. The data was then organized in the form of tables, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics. Major findings shows that the majority of mothers (60%) obtained average knowledge score, followed by (27%) below average score and (13%) of the mothers had good knowledge score respectively.⁴

CONCLUSION:

The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on knowledge regarding management of typhoid fever among the home makers at selected community areas, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir. The results of the study undoubtedly confirm that the post-test knowledge score is significantly higher than the pre-test knowledge score. Therefore, it is concluded that VAT is significantly effective in enhancing the knowledge regarding management of typhoid fever among home makers.

LIMITATIONS:

· The study used a convenientsampling technique, so that the generalization of findings remains restricted.

· The influence of extraneous variables during the period between the pre-test and post-test cannot be explored.

· No follow-up was made to measure the retention of knowledge.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

· A similar study can be replicated among staff nurses.

· A comparative study can be conducted between eligible couples in the rural and urban area.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Following ethical clearance from the institutional committee, the researcher then obtained formal permissions from the concerned authorities to conduct the study. Also, a voluntary written informed consent was obtained from the study participants after explaining the objectives of the study. Confidentiality was ensured throughout the course of the study.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

None.

REFERENCES:

1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/typhoid-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378661

2. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17730-typhoid-fever

3. @article{Mutalikdesai2015EffectivenessOP,title={Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge of Mothers of School-Aged Children on Prevention of Typhoid Fever in Selected Hospitals of Hassan, Karnataka.}, author={Sudheendra. R. Mutalikdesai},journal={Journal of Biology, Agriculture andHealthcare},year={2015},volume={5},pages={22-25},url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55066560}

4. Jyotika S. Kumar. A Descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding Enteric fever in children among mothers in a selected Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2020; 10(4): 413-418. doi: 10.5958/2349-2996.2020.00088.9.

Received on 29.08.2023 Modified on 18.09.2023

Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2023; 13(4):271-274.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2996.2023.00056